Nigeria's climate is characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons, each influencing air quality and, consequently, respiratory health. Understanding these seasonal dynamics is crucial for developing effective public health strategies, especially as climate change intensifies these effects.​

Seasonal Influences on Air Pollution

Dry season (November to March)

• Harmattan winds: During the dry season, Harmattan winds carry dust from the Sahara Desert across Nigeria, significantly increasing particulate matter (PM) levels in the air. Studies have shown that PM concentrations during this period can exceed World Health Organization standards, posing health risks to the population 1. 
• Biomass burning: The dry season sees an uptick in biomass burning for agriculture and cooking, releasing pollutants like carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere 2. 

Wet season (April to October)

• Rainfall effects: Rainfall during the wet season can help reduce airborne pollutants by washing them out of the atmosphere, leading to temporary improvements in air quality. ​
• Increased humidity: High humidity levels can promote the growth of mold and mildew indoors, potentially exacerbating respiratory issues, especially in poorly ventilated homes.​

Impact on respiratory health

Seasonal variations in air pollution have direct implications for respiratory health:​

• Dry season: Elevated PM levels are associated with increased cases of asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory ailments 3. Research in Enugu, Nigeria, indicated that workers exposed to high PM concentrations during the dry season experienced significant declines in lung function 1. ​ 
• Wet season: While air quality may improve, the damp conditions can lead to respiratory infections due to mold exposure.​

Climate change as an amplifier

Climate change exacerbates these seasonal patterns by altering rainfall distribution and increasing the frequency of extreme weather events. These changes can intensify air pollution levels and extend the duration of exposure, thereby increasing the burden of respiratory diseases 2. ​ 

Recommendations

To mitigate the health impacts of seasonal air pollution:

• Enhance air Quality monitoring: Implement comprehensive air quality monitoring systems to provide real-time data and inform public health interventions.​
• Promote clean energy: Encourage the adoption of clean cooking technologies to reduce indoor air pollution, particularly during the dry season.​
• Public awareness campaigns: Educate communities about the health risks associated with seasonal air pollution and preventive measures.​
• Urban planning: Develop urban infrastructure that minimizes pollution sources and enhances natural ventilation.​

In conclusion

Seasonal variations in Nigeria significantly influence air pollution levels and respiratory health outcomes. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, integrating environmental monitoring, public health initiatives, and climate adaptation strategies. By understanding and responding to these seasonal dynamics, Nigeria can better protect its population from the adverse health effects of air pollution.

References

1.      Ibeneme, S. C., Ativie, R. N., Ibeneme, G. C., Myezwa, H., Ezuma, A. D., Nnamani, A., Ezeofor, S., Nwankwo, M. J., Ettu, T. U., Nwosu, A. O., Okoye, I. J., & Fortwengel, G. (2022). Evidence of seasonal changes in airborne particulate matter and the associated cardiopulmonary dysfunctions in Enugu, Nigeria. Archives of Public Health, 80, 196. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-022-00967-3

2.      Niyi-Odumosu, F., Ozoh, O. B., Ope, V. O., Ale, B. M., Akinnola, O., Iseolorunkanmi, A., & Adeloye, D. (2025). Exploring the impact of climate change on respiratory health in Nigeria: A scoping review of current research, government policies and programs. Climatic Change, 178, 35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-025-03880-0  

3.      Basil, A.-A. M., Okwuosa, C. C., Uzuegbuanam, F. O., & Ugwu, L. E. (2024). A seasonal investigation of indoor air quality in relation to architectural features in government office buildings in Enugu, Nigeria. Scientific Reports, 14, Article 26885. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-78160-5