Breathing is becoming compromised for millions globally, with air pollution as a major threat. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly in Africa, face a significant burden 1. In Nigeria, over 80% of the population is exposed to household air pollution (HAP), leading to numerous respiratory ailments and straining healthcare systems 2. Constant exposure to contaminated air weakens the respiratory system.

The mechanics of damage: Impaired lung function and weakened defenses

Exposure to air pollution reduces lung function, evidenced by decreased Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). These declines occur even after accounting for other risk factors like smoking 3. The damage is often insidious, accumulating over time and potentially leading to irreversible deficits and chronic respiratory conditions. Polluted air progressively weakens respiratory reserves, often unnoticed until significant impairment or illness occurs 3.

Air pollution also weakens the respiratory system's defenses, increasing susceptibility to infections. Exposure to high pollution levels is linked to an increased prevalence of chronic respiratory conditions. Pollutants damage the respiratory tract's lining, impairing its ability to clear pathogens 1. This increases the likelihood and severity of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs). Respiratory infections exacerbated by air pollution include pneumonia, asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and lung cancer. In young children, household air pollutants can lead to multi-trigger wheezing, a risk factor for asthma and other chronic respiratory diseases. Air pollution both directly causes chronic damage and opens the door for infectious agents.

A Nigerian crisis: The amplified impact of polluted air

In Nigeria, HAP from burning biomass fuels and kerosene is a major driver of respiratory disease. Nigeria has the highest number of air pollution-related pneumonia deaths among children under five globally. In 2019, 67,416 Nigerian children under five died from pneumonia linked to air pollution, with 49,591 deaths attributed to HAP (UNICEF, 2025) 4. This is almost 185 children dying every day from pneumonia caused by polluted air (UNICEF, 2025) 4.

Women and children bear a disproportionate burden of HAP exposure due to traditional roles. Children under five are particularly vulnerable to recurrent respiratory infections from indoor pollution. Socio-economic factors play a role, as poverty limits access to cleaner fuels and technologies.

Beyond the doorstep: The dangers of outdoor air pollution

Outdoor (ambient) air pollution also contributes to Nigeria's respiratory health crisis. Urban and industrialized areas have high levels of outdoor particulate matter due to industrial emissions, waste burning, and poorly maintained vehicles 4. Research in the Niger Delta region shows an association between traffic-related air pollution and increased respiratory symptoms in schoolchildren. Cities like Warri face pollution from oil production, gas flaring, and heavy traffic. While HAP is the larger contributor to child pneumonia deaths, outdoor air pollution fatalities are rising, creating a “double burden” for many Nigerians 5. Economic development activities often generate severe environmental health hazards if not managed properly.

 Charting a path to cleaner air and healthier futures

The respiratory illness and mortality linked to air pollution in Nigeria are largely preventable 5. A multifaceted approach is needed, including air quality monitoring systems and enforcement of air pollution guidelines 1. Promoting cleaner fuels, such as Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), natural gas, or electricity, is critical to reduce HAP. Supporting households in accessing clean stoves and fuels is essential. Planned urbanization with green spaces and efficient public transportation can reduce ambient air pollution. Strengthening health systems, improving diagnostic capabilities, ensuring access to treatment, enhancing vaccine coverage, and promoting good nutrition are also vital. Interventions for reducing child ARIs include improved cookstove designs, better housing ventilation, and behavioral change initiatives 1.

A collective breath for change

Air pollution poses a grave threat to lung health in Nigeria, causing respiratory infections and chronic conditions. The high toll on children from HAP underscores the urgency of this crisis. Thousands of young lives are cut short due to preventable illnesses. However, this situation can be improved with concerted action 5. Addressing Nigeria’s air pollution crisis requires government policies, community adoption of cleaner practices, and individual advocacy for clean air. Investing in cleaner energy, promoting sustainable urban development, strengthening health services, and raising public awareness are crucial. The goal is a future where every Nigerian can breathe without fear, ensuring healthier lives and a more prosperous nation.

 

Sources 

1.      The Nigerian Health Journal. (2025). Air pollution and lung health: A significant public health challenge. https://tnhjph.com/index.php/tnhj/article/view/918

2.      Gordon, S. B., Bruce, N. G., Grigg, J., Hibberd, P. L., Kurmi, O. P., Lam, K. H., Mortimer, K., Asante, K. P., Balakrishnan, K., Balmes, J., Bar-Zeev, N., & Pope, D. (2024). Household air pollution and respiratory health in Africa: Persistent risk and unchanged health burdens. PubMed Central (PMC). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11789611/

3.      Li, Y., Adepoju, K. A., & Musa, S. A. (2025). Urban air pollution and chronic respiratory diseases in adults: Insights from a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, Article 1507882. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1507882/full

4.      UNICEF Nigeria. (2021, November 12). Nigeria has highest number of air pollution-related child pneumonia deaths in the world. https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/press-releases/nigeria-has-highest-number-air-pollution-related-child-pneumonia-deaths-world

5.      Nriagu, J. O., Robins, T. G., Gary, L., & Liggans, G. L. (2011). Traffic air pollution and other risk factors for respiratory illness in schoolchildren in Ibadan, Nigeria. PubMed Central (PMC). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3230431/